Automatic emergency light

Features:

• It is highly bright due to the use of white LEDs.

• The light turns on automatically when mains supply fails, and turns off when mains power resumes.

• It has its own battery charger. When the battery is fully charged, charging stops automatically.

Description:

The circuit comprises two sections: charger power supply and LED driver.The charger power supply section is built around 3-terminal adjustable regulator (IC1) LM317, while the LED driver section is built around transistor BD140(T2).

In the charger power supply section, input AC mains is stepped down by transformer to deliver 9V, 500mA to the bridge rectifier, which comprises diodes (IN4007x4). Filter capacitor (25v/1000uf) eliminates ripples. Unregulated DC voltage is fed to input pin 3 of IC1 and provides charging current through diode IN4007(D5) and limiting resistor (16ohm) R3. By adjusting preset 2.2K(R16), the output voltage can be adjusted to deliver the required charging current.

When the battery gets charged to 6.8V, zener diode conducts and charging current from regulator (IC1) finds a path through transistor BC547(T1) to ground and it stops charging of the battery. 

The LED driver section uses a total of twelve 10mm white LEDs. All the LEDs are connected in parallel with a 100-ohm resistor in series with each. The common-anode junction of all the twelve LEDs is connected to the collector of pnp transistor T2 and the emitter of transistor T2 is directly connected to the positive terminal of 6V battery. 

The unregulated DC voltage, produced at the cathode junction of Bridge(Diodes), is fed to the base of transistor T2 through a 1k resistor. When mains power is available, the base of transistor T2 remains high and T2 does not conduct. Thus LEDs are off. On the other hand, when mains fails, the base of transistor T2 becomes low and it conducts. This makes all the LEDs (LED1 through LED12) glow. The mains power supply, when available, charges the battery and keeps the LEDs off as transistor T2 remains cut-off. During mains failure, the charging section stops working and the battery supply makes the LEDs glow. 

Schematic:

Components:

 D1-D5,   1N4007

 D6,  6.8v Zener

 TR1,   9v 500mA transformer

 IC1,   LM317

 C1,  1000uF/25v electrolyte capacitor

 T1,   BC547

 T2,   BD140

 G1,   6v 4.5ah battery

 R1,   180 ohm

 R2,   1.2K ohm

 R3,   16 ohm  5watt

 R4,   1K ohm

 R5-R15,R17,  100 ohm  0.5 watt

 R16,  2.2K trimpot

 LED1-12,   10MM white